Optimize slots: avoid temporary PyMethodObject

Issue python#29507: Optimize slots calling Python methods. For Python methods, get
the unbound Python function and prepend arguments with self, rather than
calling the descriptor which creates a temporary PyMethodObject.

Add a new _PyObject_FastCall_Prepend() function used to call the unbound Python
method with self. It avoids the creation of a temporary tuple to pass
positional arguments.

Avoiding temporary PyMethodObject and avoiding temporary tuple makes Python
slots up to 1.46x faster. Microbenchmark on a __getitem__() method implemented
in Python:

Median +- std dev: 121 ns +- 5 ns -> 82.8 ns +- 1.0 ns: 1.46x faster (-31%)

Co-Authored-by: INADA Naoki <[email protected]>

Author: vstinner

Include/abstract.h

@@ -257,6 +257,12 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyObject_Call_Prepend(
     PyObject *args,
     PyObject *kwargs);
 
+PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyObject_FastCall_Prepend(
+    PyObject *callable,
+    PyObject *obj,
+    PyObject **args,
+    Py_ssize_t nargs);
+
 PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _Py_CheckFunctionResult(PyObject *callable,
                                                PyObject *result,
                                                const char *where);

Objects/abstract.c

@@ -2367,6 +2367,41 @@ _PyObject_FastCallDict(PyObject *callable, PyObject **args, Py_ssize_t nargs,
 /* Positional arguments are obj followed by args:
    call callable(obj, *args, **kwargs) */
 PyObject *
+_PyObject_FastCall_Prepend(PyObject *callable,
+                           PyObject *obj, PyObject **args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
+{
+    PyObject *small_stack[_PY_FASTCALL_SMALL_STACK];
+    PyObject **args2;
+    PyObject *result;
+
+    nargs++;
+    if (nargs <= (Py_ssize_t)Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(small_stack)) {
+        args2 = small_stack;
+    }
+    else {
+        args2 = PyMem_Malloc(nargs * sizeof(PyObject *));
+        if (args2 == NULL) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* use borrowed references */
+    args2[0] = obj;
+    memcpy(&args2[1],
+           args,
+           (nargs - 1)* sizeof(PyObject *));
+
+    result = _PyObject_FastCall(callable, args2, nargs);
+    if (args2 != small_stack) {
+        PyMem_Free(args2);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/* Call callable(obj, *args, **kwargs). */
+PyObject *
 _PyObject_Call_Prepend(PyObject *callable,
                        PyObject *obj, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
 {