# Module std::cell

1.0.0 · source ·
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Shareable mutable containers.

Rust memory safety is based on this rule: Given an object `T`, it is only possible to have one of the following:

- Having several immutable references (`&T`) to the object (also known as aliasing).
- Having one mutable reference (`&mut T`) to the object (also known as mutability).

This is enforced by the Rust compiler. However, there are situations where this rule is not flexible enough. Sometimes it is required to have multiple references to an object and yet mutate it.

Shareable mutable containers exist to permit mutability in a controlled manner, even in the presence of aliasing. `Cell<T>`, `RefCell<T>`, and `OnceCell<T>` allow doing this in a single-threaded way—they do not implement `Sync`. (If you need to do aliasing and mutation among multiple threads, `Mutex<T>`, `RwLock<T>`, `OnceLock<T>` or `atomic` types are the correct data structures to do so).

Values of the `Cell<T>`, `RefCell<T>`, and `OnceCell<T>` types may be mutated through shared references (i.e. the common `&T` type), whereas most Rust types can only be mutated through unique (`&mut T`) references. We say these cell types provide ‘interior mutability’ (mutable via `&T`), in contrast with typical Rust types that exhibit ‘inherited mutability’ (mutable only via `&mut T`).

Cell types come in three flavors: `Cell<T>`, `RefCell<T>`, and `OnceCell<T>`. Each provides a different way of providing safe interior mutability.

### `Cell<T>`

`Cell<T>` implements interior mutability by moving values in and out of the cell. That is, an `&mut T` to the inner value can never be obtained, and the value itself cannot be directly obtained without replacing it with something else. Both of these rules ensure that there is never more than one reference pointing to the inner value. This type provides the following methods:

- For types that implement `Copy`, the `get` method retrieves the current interior value by duplicating it.
- For types that implement `Default`, the `take` method replaces the current interior value with `Default::default()` and returns the replaced value.
- All types have:
  - `replace`: replaces the current interior value and returns the replaced value.
  - `into_inner`: this method consumes the `Cell<T>` and returns the interior value.
  - `set`: this method replaces the interior value, dropping the replaced value.

`Cell<T>` is typically used for more simple types where copying or moving values isn’t too resource intensive (e.g. numbers), and should usually be preferred over other cell types when possible. For larger and non-copy types, `RefCell` provides some advantages.

### `RefCell<T>`

`RefCell<T>` uses Rust’s lifetimes to implement “dynamic borrowing”, a process whereby one can claim temporary, exclusive, mutable access to the inner value. Borrows for `RefCell<T>`s are tracked at runtime, unlike Rust’s native reference types which are entirely tracked statically, at compile time.

An immutable reference to a `RefCell`’s inner value (`&T`) can be obtained with `borrow`, and a mutable borrow (`&mut T`) can be obtained with `borrow_mut`. When these functions are called, they first verify that Rust’s borrow rules will be satisfied: any number of immutable borrows are allowed or a single mutable borrow is allowed, but never both. If a borrow is attempted that would violate these rules, the thread will panic.

The corresponding `Sync` version of `RefCell<T>` is `RwLock<T>`.

### `OnceCell<T>`

`OnceCell<T>` is somewhat of a hybrid of `Cell` and `RefCell` that works for values that typically only need to be set once. This means that a reference `&T` can be obtained without moving or copying the inner value (unlike `Cell`) but also without runtime checks (unlike `RefCell`). However, its value can also not be updated once set unless you have a mutable reference to the `OnceCell`.

`OnceCell` provides the following methods:

- `get`: obtain a reference to the inner value
- `set`: set the inner value if it is unset (returns a `Result`)
- `get_or_init`: return the inner value, initializing it if needed
- `get_mut`: provide a mutable reference to the inner value, only available if you have a mutable reference to the cell itself.

The corresponding `Sync` version of `OnceCell<T>` is `OnceLock<T>`.

## When to choose interior mutability

The more common inherited mutability, where one must have unique access to mutate a value, is one of the key language elements that enables Rust to reason strongly about pointer aliasing, statically preventing crash bugs. Because of that, inherited mutability is preferred, and interior mutability is something of a last resort. Since cell types enable mutation where it would otherwise be disallowed though, there are occasions when interior mutability might be appropriate, or even must be used, e.g.

- Introducing mutability ‘inside’ of something immutable
- Implementation details of logically-immutable methods.
- Mutating implementations of `Clone`.

### Introducing mutability ‘inside’ of something immutable

Many shared smart pointer types, including `Rc<T>` and `Arc<T>`, provide containers that can be cloned and shared between multiple parties. Because the contained values may be multiply-aliased, they can only be borrowed with `&`, not `&mut`. Without cells it would be impossible to mutate data inside of these smart pointers at all.

It’s very common then to put a `RefCell<T>` inside shared pointer types to reintroduce mutability:

    use std::cell::{RefCell, RefMut};
    use std::collections::HashMap;
    use std::rc::Rc;

    fn main() {
        let shared_map: Rc<RefCell<_>> = Rc::new(RefCell::new(HashMap::new()));
        // Create a new block to limit the scope of the dynamic borrow
        {
            let mut map: RefMut<'_, _> = shared_map.borrow_mut();
            map.insert("africa", 92388);
            map.insert("kyoto", 11837);
            map.insert("piccadilly", 11826);
            map.insert("marbles", 38);
        }

        // Note that if we had not let the previous borrow of the cache fall out
        // of scope then the subsequent borrow would cause a dynamic thread panic.
        // This is the major hazard of using `RefCell`.
        let total: i32 = shared_map.borrow().values().sum();
        println!("{total}");
    }

Run

Note that this example uses `Rc<T>` and not `Arc<T>`. `RefCell<T>`s are for single-threaded scenarios. Consider using `RwLock<T>` or `Mutex<T>` if you need shared mutability in a multi-threaded situation.

### Implementation details of logically-immutable methods

Occasionally it may be desirable not to expose in an API that there is mutation happening “under the hood”. This may be because logically the operation is immutable, but e.g., caching forces the implementation to perform mutation; or because you must employ mutation to implement a trait method that was originally defined to take `&self`.

    use std::cell::RefCell;

    struct Graph {
        edges: Vec<(i32, i32)>,
        span_tree_cache: RefCell<Option<Vec<(i32, i32)>>>
    }

    impl Graph {
        fn minimum_spanning_tree(&self) -> Vec<(i32, i32)> {
            self.span_tree_cache.borrow_mut()
                .get_or_insert_with(|| self.calc_span_tree())
                .clone()
        }

        fn calc_span_tree(&self) -> Vec<(i32, i32)> {
            // Expensive computation goes here
            vec![]
        }
    }

Run

### Mutating implementations of `Clone`

This is simply a special - but common - case of the previous: hiding mutability for operations that appear to be immutable. The `clone` method is expected to not change the source value, and is declared to take `&self`, not `&mut self`. Therefore, any mutation that happens in the `clone` method must use cell types. For example, `Rc<T>` maintains its reference counts within a `Cell<T>`.

    use std::cell::Cell;
    use std::ptr::NonNull;
    use std::process::abort;
    use std::marker::PhantomData;

    struct Rc<T: ?Sized> {
        ptr: NonNull<RcBox<T>>,
        phantom: PhantomData<RcBox<T>>,
    }

    struct RcBox<T: ?Sized> {
        strong: Cell<usize>,
        refcount: Cell<usize>,
        value: T,
    }

    impl<T: ?Sized> Clone for Rc<T> {
        fn clone(&self) -> Rc<T> {
            self.inc_strong();
            Rc {
                ptr: self.ptr,
                phantom: PhantomData,
            }
        }
    }

    trait RcBoxPtr<T: ?Sized> {

        fn inner(&self) -> &RcBox<T>;

        fn strong(&self) -> usize {
            self.inner().strong.get()
        }

        fn inc_strong(&self) {
            self.inner()
                .strong
                .set(self.strong()
                         .checked_add(1)
                         .unwrap_or_else(|| abort() ));
        }
    }

    impl<T: ?Sized> RcBoxPtr<T> for Rc<T> {
       fn inner(&self) -> &RcBox<T> {
           unsafe {
               self.ptr.as_ref()
           }
       }
    }

Run

## Structs

- LazyCell Experimental
  A value which is initialized on the first access.
- SyncUnsafeCell Experimental
  `UnsafeCell`, but `Sync`.
- BorrowError
  An error returned by `RefCell::try_borrow`.
- BorrowMutError
  An error returned by `RefCell::try_borrow_mut`.
- Cell
  A mutable memory location.
- OnceCell
  A cell which can be written to only once.
- Ref
  Wraps a borrowed reference to a value in a `RefCell` box. A wrapper type for an immutably borrowed value from a `RefCell<T>`.
- RefCell
  A mutable memory location with dynamically checked borrow rules
- RefMut
  A wrapper type for a mutably borrowed value from a `RefCell<T>`.
- UnsafeCell
  The core primitive for interior mutability in Rust.