# Struct std::net::TcpStream

1.0.0 · source ·

    pub struct TcpStream(/* private fields */);

Expand description

A TCP stream between a local and a remote socket.

After creating a `TcpStream` by either `connect`ing to a remote host or `accept`ing a connection on a `TcpListener`, data can be transmitted by reading and writing to it.

The connection will be closed when the value is dropped. The reading and writing portions of the connection can also be shut down individually with the `shutdown` method.

The Transmission Control Protocol is specified in IETF RFC 793.

## Examples

    use std::io::prelude::*;
    use std::net::TcpStream;

    fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
        let mut stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:34254")?;

        stream.write(&[1])?;
        stream.read(&mut [0; 128])?;
        Ok(())
    } // the stream is closed here

Run

## Implementations§

source§

### impl TcpStream

source

#### pub fn connect<A: ToSocketAddrs>(addr: A) -> Result<TcpStream>

Opens a TCP connection to a remote host.

`addr` is an address of the remote host. Anything which implements `ToSocketAddrs` trait can be supplied for the address; see this trait documentation for concrete examples.

If `addr` yields multiple addresses, `connect` will be attempted with each of the addresses until a connection is successful. If none of the addresses result in a successful connection, the error returned from the last connection attempt (the last address) is returned.

##### Examples

Open a TCP connection to `127.0.0.1:8080`:

    use std::net::TcpStream;

    if let Ok(stream) = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8080") {
        println!("Connected to the server!");
    } else {
        println!("Couldn't connect to server...");
    }

Run

Open a TCP connection to `127.0.0.1:8080`. If the connection fails, open a TCP connection to `127.0.0.1:8081`:

    use std::net::{SocketAddr, TcpStream};

    let addrs = [
        SocketAddr::from(([127, 0, 0, 1], 8080)),
        SocketAddr::from(([127, 0, 0, 1], 8081)),
    ];
    if let Ok(stream) = TcpStream::connect(&addrs[..]) {
        println!("Connected to the server!");
    } else {
        println!("Couldn't connect to server...");
    }

Run
1.21.0 · source

#### pub fn connect_timeout( addr: &SocketAddr, timeout: Duration ) -> Result<TcpStream>

Opens a TCP connection to a remote host with a timeout.

Unlike `connect`, `connect_timeout` takes a single `SocketAddr` since timeout must be applied to individual addresses.

It is an error to pass a zero `Duration` to this function.

Unlike other methods on `TcpStream`, this does not correspond to a single system call. It instead calls `connect` in nonblocking mode and then uses an OS-specific mechanism to await the completion of the connection request.

source

#### pub fn peer_addr(&self) -> Result<SocketAddr>

Returns the socket address of the remote peer of this TCP connection.

##### Examples

    use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr, SocketAddrV4, TcpStream};

    let stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8080")
                           .expect("Couldn't connect to the server...");
    assert_eq!(stream.peer_addr().unwrap(),
               SocketAddr::V4(SocketAddrV4::new(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 0, 1), 8080)));

Run
source

#### pub fn local_addr(&self) -> Result<SocketAddr>

Returns the socket address of the local half of this TCP connection.

##### Examples

    use std::net::{IpAddr, Ipv4Addr, TcpStream};

    let stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8080")
                           .expect("Couldn't connect to the server...");
    assert_eq!(stream.local_addr().unwrap().ip(),
               IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 0, 1)));

Run
source

#### pub fn shutdown(&self, how: Shutdown) -> Result<()>

Shuts down the read, write, or both halves of this connection.

This function will cause all pending and future I/O on the specified portions to return immediately with an appropriate value (see the documentation of `Shutdown`).

##### Platform-specific behavior

Calling this function multiple times may result in different behavior, depending on the operating system. On Linux, the second call will return `Ok(())`, but on macOS, it will return `ErrorKind::NotConnected`. This may change in the future.

##### Examples

    use std::net::{Shutdown, TcpStream};

    let stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8080")
                           .expect("Couldn't connect to the server...");
    stream.shutdown(Shutdown::Both).expect("shutdown call failed");

Run
source

#### pub fn try_clone(&self) -> Result<TcpStream>

Creates a new independently owned handle to the underlying socket.

The returned `TcpStream` is a reference to the same stream that this object references. Both handles will read and write the same stream of data, and options set on one stream will be propagated to the other stream.

##### Examples

    use std::net::TcpStream;

    let stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8080")
                           .expect("Couldn't connect to the server...");
    let stream_clone = stream.try_clone().expect("clone failed...");

Run
1.4.0 · source

#### pub fn set_read_timeout(&self, dur: Option<Duration>) -> Result<()>

Sets the read timeout to the timeout specified.

If the value specified is `None`, then `read` calls will block indefinitely. An `Err` is returned if the zero `Duration` is passed to this method.

##### Platform-specific behavior

Platforms may return a different error code whenever a read times out as a result of setting this option. For example Unix typically returns an error of the kind `WouldBlock`, but Windows may return `TimedOut`.

##### Examples

    use std::net::TcpStream;

    let stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8080")
                           .expect("Couldn't connect to the server...");
    stream.set_read_timeout(None).expect("set_read_timeout call failed");

Run

An `Err` is returned if the zero `Duration` is passed to this method:

    use std::io;
    use std::net::TcpStream;
    use std::time::Duration;

    let stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8080").unwrap();
    let result = stream.set_read_timeout(Some(Duration::new(0, 0)));
    let err = result.unwrap_err();
    assert_eq!(err.kind(), io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput)

Run
1.4.0 · source

#### pub fn set_write_timeout(&self, dur: Option<Duration>) -> Result<()>

Sets the write timeout to the timeout specified.

If the value specified is `None`, then `write` calls will block indefinitely. An `Err` is returned if the zero `Duration` is passed to this method.

##### Platform-specific behavior

Platforms may return a different error code whenever a write times out as a result of setting this option. For example Unix typically returns an error of the kind `WouldBlock`, but Windows may return `TimedOut`.

##### Examples

    use std::net::TcpStream;

    let stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8080")
                           .expect("Couldn't connect to the server...");
    stream.set_write_timeout(None).expect("set_write_timeout call failed");

Run

An `Err` is returned if the zero `Duration` is passed to this method:

    use std::io;
    use std::net::TcpStream;
    use std::time::Duration;

    let stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8080").unwrap();
    let result = stream.set_write_timeout(Some(Duration::new(0, 0)));
    let err = result.unwrap_err();
    assert_eq!(err.kind(), io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput)

Run
1.4.0 · source

#### pub fn read_timeout(&self) -> Result<Option<Duration>>

Returns the read timeout of this socket.

If the timeout is `None`, then `read` calls will block indefinitely.

##### Platform-specific behavior

Some platforms do not provide access to the current timeout.

##### Examples

    use std::net::TcpStream;

    let stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8080")
                           .expect("Couldn't connect to the server...");
    stream.set_read_timeout(None).expect("set_read_timeout call failed");
    assert_eq!(stream.read_timeout().unwrap(), None);

Run
1.4.0 · source

#### pub fn write_timeout(&self) -> Result<Option<Duration>>

Returns the write timeout of this socket.

If the timeout is `None`, then `write` calls will block indefinitely.

##### Platform-specific behavior

Some platforms do not provide access to the current timeout.

##### Examples

    use std::net::TcpStream;

    let stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8080")
                           .expect("Couldn't connect to the server...");
    stream.set_write_timeout(None).expect("set_write_timeout call failed");
    assert_eq!(stream.write_timeout().unwrap(), None);

Run
1.18.0 · source

#### pub fn peek(&self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize>

Receives data on the socket from the remote address to which it is connected, without removing that data from the queue. On success, returns the number of bytes peeked.

Successive calls return the same data. This is accomplished by passing `MSG_PEEK` as a flag to the underlying `recv` system call.

##### Examples

    use std::net::TcpStream;

    let stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8000")
                           .expect("Couldn't connect to the server...");
    let mut buf = [0; 10];
    let len = stream.peek(&mut buf).expect("peek failed");

Run
source

#### pub fn set_linger(&self, linger: Option<Duration>) -> Result<()>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`tcp_linger` #88494)

Sets the value of the `SO_LINGER` option on this socket.

This value controls how the socket is closed when data remains to be sent. If `SO_LINGER` is set, the socket will remain open for the specified duration as the system attempts to send pending data. Otherwise, the system may close the socket immediately, or wait for a default timeout.

##### Examples

    #![feature(tcp_linger)]

    use std::net::TcpStream;
    use std::time::Duration;

    let stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8080")
                           .expect("Couldn't connect to the server...");
    stream.set_linger(Some(Duration::from_secs(0))).expect("set_linger call failed");

Run
source

#### pub fn linger(&self) -> Result<Option<Duration>>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`tcp_linger` #88494)

Gets the value of the `SO_LINGER` option on this socket.

For more information about this option, see `TcpStream::set_linger`.

##### Examples

    #![feature(tcp_linger)]

    use std::net::TcpStream;
    use std::time::Duration;

    let stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8080")
                           .expect("Couldn't connect to the server...");
    stream.set_linger(Some(Duration::from_secs(0))).expect("set_linger call failed");
    assert_eq!(stream.linger().unwrap(), Some(Duration::from_secs(0)));

Run
1.9.0 · source

#### pub fn set_nodelay(&self, nodelay: bool) -> Result<()>

Sets the value of the `TCP_NODELAY` option on this socket.

If set, this option disables the Nagle algorithm. This means that segments are always sent as soon as possible, even if there is only a small amount of data. When not set, data is buffered until there is a sufficient amount to send out, thereby avoiding the frequent sending of small packets.

##### Examples

    use std::net::TcpStream;

    let stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8080")
                           .expect("Couldn't connect to the server...");
    stream.set_nodelay(true).expect("set_nodelay call failed");

Run
1.9.0 · source

#### pub fn nodelay(&self) -> Result<bool>

Gets the value of the `TCP_NODELAY` option on this socket.

For more information about this option, see `TcpStream::set_nodelay`.

##### Examples

    use std::net::TcpStream;

    let stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8080")
                           .expect("Couldn't connect to the server...");
    stream.set_nodelay(true).expect("set_nodelay call failed");
    assert_eq!(stream.nodelay().unwrap_or(false), true);

Run
1.9.0 · source

#### pub fn set_ttl(&self, ttl: u32) -> Result<()>

Sets the value for the `IP_TTL` option on this socket.

This value sets the time-to-live field that is used in every packet sent from this socket.

##### Examples

    use std::net::TcpStream;

    let stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8080")
                           .expect("Couldn't connect to the server...");
    stream.set_ttl(100).expect("set_ttl call failed");

Run
1.9.0 · source

#### pub fn ttl(&self) -> Result<u32>

Gets the value of the `IP_TTL` option for this socket.

For more information about this option, see `TcpStream::set_ttl`.

##### Examples

    use std::net::TcpStream;

    let stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8080")
                           .expect("Couldn't connect to the server...");
    stream.set_ttl(100).expect("set_ttl call failed");
    assert_eq!(stream.ttl().unwrap_or(0), 100);

Run
1.9.0 · source

#### pub fn take_error(&self) -> Result<Option<Error>>

Gets the value of the `SO_ERROR` option on this socket.

This will retrieve the stored error in the underlying socket, clearing the field in the process. This can be useful for checking errors between calls.

##### Examples

    use std::net::TcpStream;

    let stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8080")
                           .expect("Couldn't connect to the server...");
    stream.take_error().expect("No error was expected...");

Run
1.9.0 · source

#### pub fn set_nonblocking(&self, nonblocking: bool) -> Result<()>

Moves this TCP stream into or out of nonblocking mode.

This will result in `read`, `write`, `recv` and `send` operations becoming nonblocking, i.e., immediately returning from their calls. If the IO operation is successful, `Ok` is returned and no further action is required. If the IO operation could not be completed and needs to be retried, an error with kind `io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock` is returned.

On Unix platforms, calling this method corresponds to calling `fcntl` `FIONBIO`. On Windows calling this method corresponds to calling `ioctlsocket` `FIONBIO`.

##### Examples

Reading bytes from a TCP stream in non-blocking mode:

    use std::io::{self, Read};
    use std::net::TcpStream;

    let mut stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:7878")
        .expect("Couldn't connect to the server...");
    stream.set_nonblocking(true).expect("set_nonblocking call failed");

    let mut buf = vec![];
    loop {
        match stream.read_to_end(&mut buf) {
            Ok(_) => break,
            Err(ref e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => {
                // wait until network socket is ready, typically implemented
                // via platform-specific APIs such as epoll or IOCP
                wait_for_fd();
            }
            Err(e) => panic!("encountered IO error: {e}"),
        };
    };
    println!("bytes: {buf:?}");

Run

## Trait Implementations§

1.63.0 · source§

### impl AsFd for TcpStream

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#### fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_>

Borrows the file descriptor. Read more
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### impl AsRawFd for TcpStream

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#### fn as_raw_fd(&self) -> RawFd

Extracts the raw file descriptor. Read more
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### impl AsRawSocket for TcpStream

Available on Windows only.
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#### fn as_raw_socket(&self) -> RawSocket

Extracts the raw socket. Read more
1.63.0 · source§

### impl AsSocket for TcpStream

Available on Windows only.
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#### fn as_socket(&self) -> BorrowedSocket<'_>

Borrows the socket.
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### impl Debug for TcpStream

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#### fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more
1.63.0 · source§

### impl From<OwnedFd> for TcpStream

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#### fn from(owned_fd: OwnedFd) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.
1.63.0 · source§

### impl From<OwnedSocket> for TcpStream

Available on Windows only.
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#### fn from(owned: OwnedSocket) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.
1.63.0 · source§

### impl From<TcpStream> for OwnedFd

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#### fn from(tcp_stream: TcpStream) -> OwnedFd

Converts to this type from the input type.
1.63.0 · source§

### impl From<TcpStream> for OwnedSocket

Available on Windows only.
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#### fn from(tcp_stream: TcpStream) -> OwnedSocket

Converts to this type from the input type.
1.1.0 · source§

### impl FromRawFd for TcpStream

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#### unsafe fn from_raw_fd(fd: RawFd) -> TcpStream ⓘ

Constructs a new instance of `Self` from the given raw file descriptor. Read more
1.1.0 · source§

### impl FromRawSocket for TcpStream

Available on Windows only.
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#### unsafe fn from_raw_socket(sock: RawSocket) -> TcpStream ⓘ

Constructs a new I/O object from the specified raw socket. Read more
1.4.0 · source§

### impl IntoRawFd for TcpStream

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#### fn into_raw_fd(self) -> RawFd

Consumes this object, returning the raw underlying file descriptor. Read more
1.4.0 · source§

### impl IntoRawSocket for TcpStream

Available on Windows only.
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#### fn into_raw_socket(self) -> RawSocket

Consumes this object, returning the raw underlying socket. Read more
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### impl Read for &TcpStream

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#### fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize>

Pull some bytes from this source into the specified buffer, returning how many bytes were read. Read more
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#### fn read_buf(&mut self, buf: BorrowedCursor<'_>) -> Result<()>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`read_buf` #78485)
Pull some bytes from this source into the specified buffer. Read more
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#### fn read_vectored(&mut self, bufs: &mut [IoSliceMut<'_>]) -> Result<usize>

Like `read`, except that it reads into a slice of buffers. Read more
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#### fn is_read_vectored(&self) -> bool

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`can_vector` #69941)
Determines if this `Read`er has an efficient `read_vectored` implementation. Read more
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#### fn read_to_end(&mut self, buf: &mut Vec<u8>) -> Result<usize>

Read all bytes until EOF in this source, placing them into `buf`. Read more
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#### fn read_to_string(&mut self, buf: &mut String) -> Result<usize>

Read all bytes until EOF in this source, appending them to `buf`. Read more
1.6.0 · source§

#### fn read_exact(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<()>

Read the exact number of bytes required to fill `buf`. Read more
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#### fn read_buf_exact(&mut self, cursor: BorrowedCursor<'_>) -> Result<()>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`read_buf` #78485)
Read the exact number of bytes required to fill `cursor`. Read more
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#### fn by_ref(&mut self) -> &mut Self where Self: Sized,

Creates a “by reference” adaptor for this instance of `Read`. Read more
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#### fn bytes(self) -> Bytes<Self> ⓘwhere Self: Sized,

Transforms this `Read` instance to an `Iterator` over its bytes. Read more
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#### fn chain<R: Read>(self, next: R) -> Chain<Self, R> ⓘwhere Self: Sized,

Creates an adapter which will chain this stream with another. Read more
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#### fn take(self, limit: u64) -> Take<Self> ⓘwhere Self: Sized,

Creates an adapter which will read at most `limit` bytes from it. Read more
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### impl Read for TcpStream

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#### fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize>

Pull some bytes from this source into the specified buffer, returning how many bytes were read. Read more
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#### fn read_buf(&mut self, buf: BorrowedCursor<'_>) -> Result<()>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`read_buf` #78485)
Pull some bytes from this source into the specified buffer. Read more
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#### fn read_vectored(&mut self, bufs: &mut [IoSliceMut<'_>]) -> Result<usize>

Like `read`, except that it reads into a slice of buffers. Read more
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#### fn is_read_vectored(&self) -> bool

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`can_vector` #69941)
Determines if this `Read`er has an efficient `read_vectored` implementation. Read more
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#### fn read_to_end(&mut self, buf: &mut Vec<u8>) -> Result<usize>

Read all bytes until EOF in this source, placing them into `buf`. Read more
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#### fn read_to_string(&mut self, buf: &mut String) -> Result<usize>

Read all bytes until EOF in this source, appending them to `buf`. Read more
1.6.0 · source§

#### fn read_exact(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<()>

Read the exact number of bytes required to fill `buf`. Read more
source§

#### fn read_buf_exact(&mut self, cursor: BorrowedCursor<'_>) -> Result<()>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`read_buf` #78485)
Read the exact number of bytes required to fill `cursor`. Read more
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#### fn by_ref(&mut self) -> &mut Self where Self: Sized,

Creates a “by reference” adaptor for this instance of `Read`. Read more
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#### fn bytes(self) -> Bytes<Self> ⓘwhere Self: Sized,

Transforms this `Read` instance to an `Iterator` over its bytes. Read more
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#### fn chain<R: Read>(self, next: R) -> Chain<Self, R> ⓘwhere Self: Sized,

Creates an adapter which will chain this stream with another. Read more
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#### fn take(self, limit: u64) -> Take<Self> ⓘwhere Self: Sized,

Creates an adapter which will read at most `limit` bytes from it. Read more
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### impl TcpStreamExt for TcpStream

Available on Linux or Android only.
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#### fn set_quickack(&self, quickack: bool) -> Result<()>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`tcp_quickack` #96256)
Available on Linux only.
Enable or disable `TCP_QUICKACK`. Read more
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#### fn quickack(&self) -> Result<bool>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`tcp_quickack` #96256)
Available on Linux only.
Gets the value of the `TCP_QUICKACK` option on this socket. Read more
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### impl Write for &TcpStream

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#### fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<usize>

Write a buffer into this writer, returning how many bytes were written. Read more
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#### fn write_vectored(&mut self, bufs: &[IoSlice<'_>]) -> Result<usize>

Like `write`, except that it writes from a slice of buffers. Read more
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#### fn is_write_vectored(&self) -> bool

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`can_vector` #69941)
Determines if this `Write`r has an efficient `write_vectored` implementation. Read more
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#### fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<()>

Flush this output stream, ensuring that all intermediately buffered contents reach their destination. Read more
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#### fn write_all(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<()>

Attempts to write an entire buffer into this writer. Read more
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#### fn write_all_vectored(&mut self, bufs: &mut [IoSlice<'_>]) -> Result<()>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`write_all_vectored` #70436)
Attempts to write multiple buffers into this writer. Read more
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#### fn write_fmt(&mut self, fmt: Arguments<'_>) -> Result<()>

Writes a formatted string into this writer, returning any error encountered. Read more
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#### fn by_ref(&mut self) -> &mut Self where Self: Sized,

Creates a “by reference” adapter for this instance of `Write`. Read more
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### impl Write for TcpStream

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#### fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<usize>

Write a buffer into this writer, returning how many bytes were written. Read more
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#### fn write_vectored(&mut self, bufs: &[IoSlice<'_>]) -> Result<usize>

Like `write`, except that it writes from a slice of buffers. Read more
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#### fn is_write_vectored(&self) -> bool

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`can_vector` #69941)
Determines if this `Write`r has an efficient `write_vectored` implementation. Read more
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#### fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<()>

Flush this output stream, ensuring that all intermediately buffered contents reach their destination. Read more
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#### fn write_all(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<()>

Attempts to write an entire buffer into this writer. Read more
source§

#### fn write_all_vectored(&mut self, bufs: &mut [IoSlice<'_>]) -> Result<()>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`write_all_vectored` #70436)
Attempts to write multiple buffers into this writer. Read more
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#### fn write_fmt(&mut self, fmt: Arguments<'_>) -> Result<()>

Writes a formatted string into this writer, returning any error encountered. Read more
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#### fn by_ref(&mut self) -> &mut Self where Self: Sized,

Creates a “by reference” adapter for this instance of `Write`. Read more

## Auto Trait Implementations§

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### impl RefUnwindSafe for TcpStream

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### impl Send for TcpStream

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### impl Sync for TcpStream

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### impl Unpin for TcpStream

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### impl UnwindSafe for TcpStream

## Blanket Implementations§

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### impl<T> Any for Twhere T: 'static + ?Sized,

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#### fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId

Gets the `TypeId` of `self`. Read more
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### impl<T> Borrow<T> for Twhere T: ?Sized,

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#### fn borrow(&self) -> &T

Immutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
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### impl<T> BorrowMut<T> for Twhere T: ?Sized,

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#### fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T

Mutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
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### impl<T> From<T> for T

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#### fn from(t: T) -> T

Returns the argument unchanged.

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### impl<T, U> Into<U> for Twhere U: From<T>,

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#### fn into(self) -> U

Calls `U::from(self)`.

That is, this conversion is whatever the implementation of `From<T> for U` chooses to do.

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### impl<T, U> TryFrom<U> for Twhere U: Into<T>,

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#### type Error = Infallible

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
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#### fn try_from(value: U) -> Result<T, <T as TryFrom<U>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.
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### impl<T, U> TryInto<U> for Twhere U: TryFrom<T>,

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#### type Error = <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
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#### fn try_into(self) -> Result<U, <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.