# Struct std::sync::Mutex

1.0.0 · source ·

    pub struct Mutex<T: ?Sized> { /* private fields */ }

Expand description

A mutual exclusion primitive useful for protecting shared data

This mutex will block threads waiting for the lock to become available. The mutex can be created via a `new` constructor. Each mutex has a type parameter which represents the data that it is protecting. The data can only be accessed through the RAII guards returned from `lock` and `try_lock`, which guarantees that the data is only ever accessed when the mutex is locked.

## Poisoning

The mutexes in this module implement a strategy called “poisoning” where a mutex is considered poisoned whenever a thread panics while holding the mutex. Once a mutex is poisoned, all other threads are unable to access the data by default as it is likely tainted (some invariant is not being upheld).

For a mutex, this means that the `lock` and `try_lock` methods return a `Result` which indicates whether a mutex has been poisoned or not. Most usage of a mutex will simply `unwrap()` these results, propagating panics among threads to ensure that a possibly invalid invariant is not witnessed.

A poisoned mutex, however, does not prevent all access to the underlying data. The `PoisonError` type has an `into_inner` method which will return the guard that would have otherwise been returned on a successful lock. This allows access to the data, despite the lock being poisoned.

## Examples

    use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
    use std::thread;
    use std::sync::mpsc::channel;

    const N: usize = 10;

    // Spawn a few threads to increment a shared variable (non-atomically), and
    // let the main thread know once all increments are done.
    //
    // Here we're using an Arc to share memory among threads, and the data inside
    // the Arc is protected with a mutex.
    let data = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0));

    let (tx, rx) = channel();
    for _ in 0..N {
        let (data, tx) = (Arc::clone(&data), tx.clone());
        thread::spawn(move || {
            // The shared state can only be accessed once the lock is held.
            // Our non-atomic increment is safe because we're the only thread
            // which can access the shared state when the lock is held.
            //
            // We unwrap() the return value to assert that we are not expecting
            // threads to ever fail while holding the lock.
            let mut data = data.lock().unwrap();
            *data += 1;
            if *data == N {
                tx.send(()).unwrap();
            }
            // the lock is unlocked here when `data` goes out of scope.
        });
    }

    rx.recv().unwrap();

Run

To recover from a poisoned mutex:

    use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
    use std::thread;

    let lock = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0_u32));
    let lock2 = Arc::clone(&lock);

    let _ = thread::spawn(move || -> () {
        // This thread will acquire the mutex first, unwrapping the result of
        // `lock` because the lock has not been poisoned.
        let _guard = lock2.lock().unwrap();

        // This panic while holding the lock (`_guard` is in scope) will poison
        // the mutex.
        panic!();
    }).join();

    // The lock is poisoned by this point, but the returned result can be
    // pattern matched on to return the underlying guard on both branches.
    let mut guard = match lock.lock() {
        Ok(guard) => guard,
        Err(poisoned) => poisoned.into_inner(),
    };

    *guard += 1;

Run

To unlock a mutex guard sooner than the end of the enclosing scope, either create an inner scope or drop the guard manually.

    use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
    use std::thread;

    const N: usize = 3;

    let data_mutex = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![1, 2, 3, 4]));
    let res_mutex = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0));

    let mut threads = Vec::with_capacity(N);
    (0..N).for_each(|_| {
        let data_mutex_clone = Arc::clone(&data_mutex);
        let res_mutex_clone = Arc::clone(&res_mutex);

        threads.push(thread::spawn(move || {
            // Here we use a block to limit the lifetime of the lock guard.
            let result = {
                let mut data = data_mutex_clone.lock().unwrap();
                // This is the result of some important and long-ish work.
                let result = data.iter().fold(0, |acc, x| acc + x * 2);
                data.push(result);
                result
                // The mutex guard gets dropped here, together with any other values
                // created in the critical section.
            };
            // The guard created here is a temporary dropped at the end of the statement, i.e.
            // the lock would not remain being held even if the thread did some additional work.
            *res_mutex_clone.lock().unwrap() += result;
        }));
    });

    let mut data = data_mutex.lock().unwrap();
    // This is the result of some important and long-ish work.
    let result = data.iter().fold(0, |acc, x| acc + x * 2);
    data.push(result);
    // We drop the `data` explicitly because it's not necessary anymore and the
    // thread still has work to do. This allow other threads to start working on
    // the data immediately, without waiting for the rest of the unrelated work
    // to be done here.
    //
    // It's even more important here than in the threads because we `.join` the
    // threads after that. If we had not dropped the mutex guard, a thread could
    // be waiting forever for it, causing a deadlock.
    // As in the threads, a block could have been used instead of calling the
    // `drop` function.
    drop(data);
    // Here the mutex guard is not assigned to a variable and so, even if the
    // scope does not end after this line, the mutex is still released: there is
    // no deadlock.
    *res_mutex.lock().unwrap() += result;

    threads.into_iter().for_each(|thread| {
        thread
            .join()
            .expect("The thread creating or execution failed !")
    });

    assert_eq!(*res_mutex.lock().unwrap(), 800);

Run

## Implementations§

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### impl<T> Mutex<T>

const: 1.63.0 · source

#### pub const fn new(t: T) -> Mutex<T>

Creates a new mutex in an unlocked state ready for use.

##### Examples

    use std::sync::Mutex;

    let mutex = Mutex::new(0);

Run
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### impl<T: ?Sized> Mutex<T>

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#### pub fn lock(&self) -> LockResult<MutexGuard<'_, T>>

Acquires a mutex, blocking the current thread until it is able to do so.

This function will block the local thread until it is available to acquire the mutex. Upon returning, the thread is the only thread with the lock held. An RAII guard is returned to allow scoped unlock of the lock. When the guard goes out of scope, the mutex will be unlocked.

The exact behavior on locking a mutex in the thread which already holds the lock is left unspecified. However, this function will not return on the second call (it might panic or deadlock, for example).

##### Errors

If another user of this mutex panicked while holding the mutex, then this call will return an error once the mutex is acquired.

##### Panics

This function might panic when called if the lock is already held by the current thread.

##### Examples

    use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
    use std::thread;

    let mutex = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0));
    let c_mutex = Arc::clone(&mutex);

    thread::spawn(move || {
        *c_mutex.lock().unwrap() = 10;
    }).join().expect("thread::spawn failed");
    assert_eq!(*mutex.lock().unwrap(), 10);

Run
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#### pub fn try_lock(&self) -> TryLockResult<MutexGuard<'_, T>>

Attempts to acquire this lock.

If the lock could not be acquired at this time, then `Err` is returned. Otherwise, an RAII guard is returned. The lock will be unlocked when the guard is dropped.

This function does not block.

##### Errors

If another user of this mutex panicked while holding the mutex, then this call will return the `Poisoned` error if the mutex would otherwise be acquired.

If the mutex could not be acquired because it is already locked, then this call will return the `WouldBlock` error.

##### Examples

    use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
    use std::thread;

    let mutex = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0));
    let c_mutex = Arc::clone(&mutex);

    thread::spawn(move || {
        let mut lock = c_mutex.try_lock();
        if let Ok(ref mut mutex) = lock {
            **mutex = 10;
        } else {
            println!("try_lock failed");
        }
    }).join().expect("thread::spawn failed");
    assert_eq!(*mutex.lock().unwrap(), 10);

Run
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#### pub fn unlock(guard: MutexGuard<'_, T>)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`mutex_unlock` #81872)

Immediately drops the guard, and consequently unlocks the mutex.

This function is equivalent to calling `drop` on the guard but is more self-documenting. Alternately, the guard will be automatically dropped when it goes out of scope.

    #![feature(mutex_unlock)]

    use std::sync::Mutex;
    let mutex = Mutex::new(0);

    let mut guard = mutex.lock().unwrap();
    *guard += 20;
    Mutex::unlock(guard);

Run
1.2.0 · source

#### pub fn is_poisoned(&self) -> bool

Determines whether the mutex is poisoned.

If another thread is active, the mutex can still become poisoned at any time. You should not trust a `false` value for program correctness without additional synchronization.

##### Examples

    use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
    use std::thread;

    let mutex = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0));
    let c_mutex = Arc::clone(&mutex);

    let _ = thread::spawn(move || {
        let _lock = c_mutex.lock().unwrap();
        panic!(); // the mutex gets poisoned
    }).join();
    assert_eq!(mutex.is_poisoned(), true);

Run
source

#### pub fn clear_poison(&self)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`mutex_unpoison` #96469)

Clear the poisoned state from a mutex

If the mutex is poisoned, it will remain poisoned until this function is called. This allows recovering from a poisoned state and marking that it has recovered. For example, if the value is overwritten by a known-good value, then the mutex can be marked as un-poisoned. Or possibly, the value could be inspected to determine if it is in a consistent state, and if so the poison is removed.

##### Examples

    #![feature(mutex_unpoison)]

    use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
    use std::thread;

    let mutex = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0));
    let c_mutex = Arc::clone(&mutex);

    let _ = thread::spawn(move || {
        let _lock = c_mutex.lock().unwrap();
        panic!(); // the mutex gets poisoned
    }).join();

    assert_eq!(mutex.is_poisoned(), true);
    let x = mutex.lock().unwrap_or_else(|mut e| {
        **e.get_mut() = 1;
        mutex.clear_poison();
        e.into_inner()
    });
    assert_eq!(mutex.is_poisoned(), false);
    assert_eq!(*x, 1);

Run
1.6.0 · source

#### pub fn into_inner(self) -> LockResult<T>where T: Sized,

Consumes this mutex, returning the underlying data.

##### Errors

If another user of this mutex panicked while holding the mutex, then this call will return an error instead.

##### Examples

    use std::sync::Mutex;

    let mutex = Mutex::new(0);
    assert_eq!(mutex.into_inner().unwrap(), 0);

Run
1.6.0 · source

#### pub fn get_mut(&mut self) -> LockResult<&mut T>

Returns a mutable reference to the underlying data.

Since this call borrows the `Mutex` mutably, no actual locking needs to take place – the mutable borrow statically guarantees no locks exist.

##### Errors

If another user of this mutex panicked while holding the mutex, then this call will return an error instead.

##### Examples

    use std::sync::Mutex;

    let mut mutex = Mutex::new(0);
    *mutex.get_mut().unwrap() = 10;
    assert_eq!(*mutex.lock().unwrap(), 10);

Run

## Trait Implementations§

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### impl<T: ?Sized + Debug> Debug for Mutex<T>

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#### fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more
1.10.0 · source§

### impl<T: ?Sized + Default> Default for Mutex<T>

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#### fn default() -> Mutex<T>

Creates a `Mutex<T>`, with the `Default` value for T.

1.24.0 · source§

### impl<T> From<T> for Mutex<T>

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#### fn from(t: T) -> Self

Creates a new mutex in an unlocked state ready for use. This is equivalent to `Mutex::new`.

1.12.0 · source§

### impl<T: ?Sized> RefUnwindSafe for Mutex<T>

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### impl<T: ?Sized + Send> Send for Mutex<T>

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### impl<T: ?Sized + Send> Sync for Mutex<T>

1.9.0 · source§

### impl<T: ?Sized> UnwindSafe for Mutex<T>

## Auto Trait Implementations§

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### impl<T: ?Sized> Unpin for Mutex<T>where T: Unpin,

## Blanket Implementations§

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### impl<T> Any for Twhere T: 'static + ?Sized,

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#### fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId

Gets the `TypeId` of `self`. Read more
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### impl<T> Borrow<T> for Twhere T: ?Sized,

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#### fn borrow(&self) -> &T

Immutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
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### impl<T> BorrowMut<T> for Twhere T: ?Sized,

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#### fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T

Mutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
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### impl<T> From<!> for T

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#### fn from(t: !) -> T

Converts to this type from the input type.
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### impl<T> From<T> for T

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#### fn from(t: T) -> T

Returns the argument unchanged.

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### impl<T, U> Into<U> for Twhere U: From<T>,

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#### fn into(self) -> U

Calls `U::from(self)`.

That is, this conversion is whatever the implementation of `From<T> for U` chooses to do.

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### impl<T, U> TryFrom<U> for Twhere U: Into<T>,

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#### type Error = Infallible

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
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#### fn try_from(value: U) -> Result<T, <T as TryFrom<U>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.
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### impl<T, U> TryInto<U> for Twhere U: TryFrom<T>,

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#### type Error = <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
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#### fn try_into(self) -> Result<U, <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.