diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/plugin.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/plugin.ts
index 033b907d98706b..aeb83d37094327 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/plugin.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/plugin.ts
@@ -323,6 +323,24 @@ export interface Plugin<A = any> extends RollupPlugin<A> {
   >
 }
 
+export interface CustomPluginOptionsVite {
+  /**
+   * If this is a CSS Rollup module, you can scope to its importer's exports
+   * so that if those exports are treeshaken away, the CSS module will also
+   * be treeshaken.
+   *
+   * The "importerId" must import the CSS Rollup module statically.
+   *
+   * Example config if the CSS id is `/src/App.vue?vue&type=style&lang.css`:
+   * ```js
+   * cssScopeTo: ['/src/App.vue', 'default']
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @experimental
+   */
+  cssScopeTo?: [importerId: string, exportName: string | undefined]
+}
+
 export type HookHandler<T> = T extends ObjectHook<infer H> ? H : T
 
 export type PluginWithRequiredHook<K extends keyof Plugin> = Plugin & {
diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/css.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/css.ts
index 1be8eadad7b65e..3834788611fc2e 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/css.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/css.ts
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ import {
   SPECIAL_QUERY_RE,
 } from '../constants'
 import type { ResolvedConfig } from '../config'
-import type { Plugin } from '../plugin'
+import type { CustomPluginOptionsVite, Plugin } from '../plugin'
 import { checkPublicFile } from '../publicDir'
 import {
   arraify,
@@ -439,12 +439,69 @@ export function cssPlugin(config: ResolvedConfig): Plugin {
   }
 }
 
+const createStyleContentMap = () => {
+  const contents = new Map<string, string>() // css id -> css content
+  const scopedIds = new Set<string>() // ids of css that are scoped
+  const relations = new Map<
+    /* the id of the target for which css is scoped to */ string,
+    Array<{
+      /** css id */ id: string
+      /** export name */ exp: string | undefined
+    }>
+  >()
+
+  return {
+    putContent(
+      id: string,
+      content: string,
+      scopeTo: CustomPluginOptionsVite['cssScopeTo'] | undefined,
+    ) {
+      contents.set(id, content)
+      if (scopeTo) {
+        const [scopedId, exp] = scopeTo
+        if (!relations.has(scopedId)) {
+          relations.set(scopedId, [])
+        }
+        relations.get(scopedId)!.push({ id, exp })
+        scopedIds.add(id)
+      }
+    },
+    hasContentOfNonScoped(id: string) {
+      return !scopedIds.has(id) && contents.has(id)
+    },
+    getContentOfNonScoped(id: string) {
+      if (scopedIds.has(id)) return
+      return contents.get(id)
+    },
+    hasContentsScopedTo(id: string) {
+      return (relations.get(id) ?? [])?.length > 0
+    },
+    getContentsScopedTo(id: string, importedIds: readonly string[]) {
+      const values = (relations.get(id) ?? []).map(
+        ({ id, exp }) =>
+          [
+            id,
+            {
+              content: contents.get(id) ?? '',
+              exp,
+            },
+          ] as const,
+      )
+      const styleIdToValue = new Map(values)
+      // get a sorted output by import order to make output deterministic
+      return importedIds
+        .filter((id) => styleIdToValue.has(id))
+        .map((id) => styleIdToValue.get(id)!)
+    },
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * Plugin applied after user plugins
  */
 export function cssPostPlugin(config: ResolvedConfig): Plugin {
   // styles initialization in buildStart causes a styling loss in watch
-  const styles: Map<string, string> = new Map<string, string>()
+  const styles = createStyleContentMap()
   // queue to emit css serially to guarantee the files are emitted in a deterministic order
   let codeSplitEmitQueue = createSerialPromiseQueue<string>()
   const urlEmitQueue = createSerialPromiseQueue<unknown>()
@@ -588,9 +645,15 @@ export function cssPostPlugin(config: ResolvedConfig): Plugin {
 
       // build CSS handling ----------------------------------------------------
 
+      const cssScopeTo = (
+        this.getModuleInfo(id)?.meta?.vite as
+          | CustomPluginOptionsVite
+          | undefined
+      )?.cssScopeTo
+
       // record css
       if (!inlined) {
-        styles.set(id, css)
+        styles.putContent(id, css, cssScopeTo)
       }
 
       let code: string
@@ -612,7 +675,8 @@ export function cssPostPlugin(config: ResolvedConfig): Plugin {
         map: { mappings: '' },
         // avoid the css module from being tree-shaken so that we can retrieve
         // it in renderChunk()
-        moduleSideEffects: modulesCode || inlined ? false : 'no-treeshake',
+        moduleSideEffects:
+          modulesCode || inlined || cssScopeTo ? false : 'no-treeshake',
       }
     },
 
@@ -623,15 +687,28 @@ export function cssPostPlugin(config: ResolvedConfig): Plugin {
       let isPureCssChunk = chunk.exports.length === 0
       const ids = Object.keys(chunk.modules)
       for (const id of ids) {
-        if (styles.has(id)) {
+        if (styles.hasContentOfNonScoped(id)) {
           // ?transform-only is used for ?url and shouldn't be included in normal CSS chunks
           if (!transformOnlyRE.test(id)) {
-            chunkCSS += styles.get(id)
+            chunkCSS += styles.getContentOfNonScoped(id)
             // a css module contains JS, so it makes this not a pure css chunk
             if (cssModuleRE.test(id)) {
               isPureCssChunk = false
             }
           }
+        } else if (styles.hasContentsScopedTo(id)) {
+          const renderedExports = chunk.modules[id]!.renderedExports
+          const importedIds = this.getModuleInfo(id)?.importedIds ?? []
+          // If this module has scoped styles, check for the rendered exports
+          // and include the corresponding CSS.
+          for (const { exp, content } of styles.getContentsScopedTo(
+            id,
+            importedIds,
+          )) {
+            if (exp === undefined || renderedExports.includes(exp)) {
+              chunkCSS += content
+            }
+          }
         } else if (!isJsChunkEmpty) {
           // if the module does not have a style, then it's not a pure css chunk.
           // this is true because in the `transform` hook above, only modules
@@ -726,13 +803,13 @@ export function cssPostPlugin(config: ResolvedConfig): Plugin {
             path.basename(originalFileName),
             '.css',
           )
-          if (!styles.has(id)) {
+          if (!styles.hasContentOfNonScoped(id)) {
             throw new Error(
               `css content for ${JSON.stringify(id)} was not found`,
             )
           }
 
-          let cssContent = styles.get(id)!
+          let cssContent = styles.getContentOfNonScoped(id)!
 
           cssContent = resolveAssetUrlsInCss(cssContent, cssAssetName)
 
diff --git a/playground/css/__tests__/css.spec.ts b/playground/css/__tests__/css.spec.ts
index 7403418e114f75..ee565ab31aea3a 100644
--- a/playground/css/__tests__/css.spec.ts
+++ b/playground/css/__tests__/css.spec.ts
@@ -499,3 +499,23 @@ test.runIf(isBuild)('CSS modules should be treeshaken if not used', () => {
   const css = findAssetFile(/\.css$/, undefined, undefined, true)
   expect(css).not.toContain('treeshake-module-b')
 })
+
+test.runIf(isBuild)('Scoped CSS via cssScopeTo should be treeshaken', () => {
+  const css = findAssetFile(/\.css$/, undefined, undefined, true)
+  expect(css).not.toContain('treeshake-module-b')
+  expect(css).not.toContain('treeshake-module-c')
+})
+
+test.runIf(isBuild)(
+  'Scoped CSS via cssScopeTo should be bundled separately',
+  () => {
+    const scopedIndexCss = findAssetFile(/treeshakeScoped-[-\w]{8}\.css$/)
+    expect(scopedIndexCss).toContain('treeshake-scoped-barrel-a')
+    expect(scopedIndexCss).not.toContain('treeshake-scoped-barrel-b')
+    const scopedAnotherCss = findAssetFile(
+      /treeshakeScopedAnother-[-\w]{8}\.css$/,
+    )
+    expect(scopedAnotherCss).toContain('treeshake-scoped-barrel-b')
+    expect(scopedAnotherCss).not.toContain('treeshake-scoped-barrel-a')
+  },
+)
diff --git a/playground/css/index.html b/playground/css/index.html
index edbcbd4f5fda23..3a20c70201a163 100644
--- a/playground/css/index.html
+++ b/playground/css/index.html
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ <h1>CSS</h1>
   <pre class="imported-css-glob"></pre>
   <pre class="imported-css-globEager"></pre>
 
+  <p class="scoped">Imported scoped CSS</p>
+
   <p class="postcss">
     <span class="nesting">PostCSS nesting plugin: this should be pink</span>
   </p>
diff --git a/playground/css/main.js b/playground/css/main.js
index d3e97a7d2525e9..aab2b499ec01b6 100644
--- a/playground/css/main.js
+++ b/playground/css/main.js
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ appendLinkStylesheet(urlCss)
 import rawCss from './raw-imported.css?raw'
 text('.raw-imported-css', rawCss)
 
+import { cUsed, a as treeshakeScopedA } from './treeshake-scoped/index.js'
+document.querySelector('.scoped').classList.add(treeshakeScopedA(), cUsed())
+
 import mod from './mod.module.css'
 document.querySelector('.modules').classList.add(mod['apply-color'])
 text('.modules-code', JSON.stringify(mod, null, 2))
diff --git a/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/a-scoped.css b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/a-scoped.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e18cbb887f4637
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/a-scoped.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.treeshake-scoped-a {
+  color: red;
+}
diff --git a/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/a.js b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/a.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..819b7d3cf84e1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/a.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import './a-scoped.css' // should be treeshaken away if `a` is not used
+
+export default function a() {
+  return 'treeshake-scoped-a'
+}
diff --git a/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/another.html b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/another.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9500963ec7abee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/another.html
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<h1>treeshake-scoped (another)</h1>
+<p class="scoped-another">Imported scoped CSS</p>
+
+<script type="module">
+  import { b } from './barrel/index.js'
+  document.querySelector('.scoped-another').classList.add(b())
+</script>
diff --git a/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/b-scoped.css b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/b-scoped.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9792a332519a81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/b-scoped.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.treeshake-scoped-b {
+  color: red;
+}
diff --git a/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/b.js b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/b.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..798ec76741c429
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/b.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import './b-scoped.css' // should be treeshaken away if `b` is not used
+
+export default function b() {
+  return 'treeshake-scoped-b'
+}
diff --git a/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/barrel/a-scoped.css b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/barrel/a-scoped.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4c63425a3083ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/barrel/a-scoped.css
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+.treeshake-scoped-barrel-a {
+  text-decoration-line: underline;
+  text-decoration-color: red;
+}
diff --git a/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/barrel/a.js b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/barrel/a.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..11e780a7fa917e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/barrel/a.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import './a-scoped.css'
+
+export function a() {
+  return 'treeshake-scoped-barrel-a'
+}
diff --git a/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/barrel/b-scoped.css b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/barrel/b-scoped.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2a7c35d0650e45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/barrel/b-scoped.css
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+.treeshake-scoped-barrel-b {
+  text-decoration-line: underline;
+  text-decoration-color: red;
+}
diff --git a/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/barrel/b.js b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/barrel/b.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ac023513c3de8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/barrel/b.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import './b-scoped.css'
+
+export function b() {
+  return 'treeshake-scoped-barrel-b'
+}
diff --git a/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/barrel/index.js b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/barrel/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..630314aa27d554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/barrel/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+export * from './a'
+export * from './b'
diff --git a/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/c-scoped.css b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/c-scoped.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8901f7303dc9d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/c-scoped.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.treeshake-scoped-c {
+  color: red;
+}
diff --git a/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/c.js b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/c.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8a7e2fb89dbaa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/c.js
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import './c-scoped.css' // should be treeshaken away if `b` is not used
+
+export default function c() {
+  return 'treeshake-scoped-c'
+}
+
+export function cUsed() {
+  // used but does not depend on scoped css
+  return 'c-used'
+}
diff --git a/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/d-scoped.css b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/d-scoped.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..83c0b0ed176271
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/d-scoped.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.treeshake-scoped-d {
+  color: red;
+}
diff --git a/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/d.js b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/d.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7581688476cf56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/d.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import './d-scoped.css' // should be treeshaken away if `d` is not used
+
+export default function d() {
+  return 'treeshake-scoped-d'
+}
diff --git a/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/index.html b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1e3ca61c50fc8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<h1>treeshake-scoped</h1>
+<p class="scoped-index">Imported scoped CSS</p>
+
+<script type="module">
+  import { d } from './index.js'
+  import { a } from './barrel/index.js'
+  document.querySelector('.scoped-index').classList.add(d(), a())
+</script>
diff --git a/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/index.js b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..93bea696056968
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/css/treeshake-scoped/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+export { default as a } from './a.js'
+export { default as b } from './b.js'
+export { default as c, cUsed } from './c.js'
+export { default as d } from './d.js'
diff --git a/playground/css/vite.config.js b/playground/css/vite.config.js
index 115db67dcaaa53..17cba9b54e3de2 100644
--- a/playground/css/vite.config.js
+++ b/playground/css/vite.config.js
@@ -11,9 +11,46 @@ globalThis.window = {}
 globalThis.location = new URL('http://localhost/')
 
 export default defineConfig({
+  plugins: [
+    {
+      // Emulate a UI framework component where a framework module would import
+      // scoped CSS files that should treeshake if the default export is not used.
+      name: 'treeshake-scoped-css',
+      enforce: 'pre',
+      async resolveId(id, importer) {
+        if (!importer || !id.endsWith('-scoped.css')) return
+
+        const resolved = await this.resolve(id, importer)
+        if (!resolved) return
+
+        return {
+          ...resolved,
+          meta: {
+            vite: {
+              cssScopeTo: [
+                importer,
+                resolved.id.includes('barrel') ? undefined : 'default',
+              ],
+            },
+          },
+        }
+      },
+    },
+  ],
   build: {
     cssTarget: 'chrome61',
     rollupOptions: {
+      input: {
+        index: path.resolve(__dirname, './index.html'),
+        treeshakeScoped: path.resolve(
+          __dirname,
+          './treeshake-scoped/index.html',
+        ),
+        treeshakeScopedAnother: path.resolve(
+          __dirname,
+          './treeshake-scoped/another.html',
+        ),
+      },
       output: {
         manualChunks(id) {
           if (id.includes('manual-chunk.css')) {