[AURON #1518] Implement native function of quarter.

[slfan1989]

Which issue does this PR close?

Closes #1518.

Rationale for this change

This PR is a follow-up to #565, which introduced native support for year(), month(), and day() functions.

To complete the set of date extraction functions, this PR adds support for the native quarter() function, allowing users to easily retrieve the quarter (Q1–Q4) from a given date.

This enhancement improves the consistency and usability of date/time handling across queries.

What changes are included in this PR?

• Added implementation of the native quarter() function.
• Integrated the function into the existing date function module.
• Added corresponding unit tests to validate correctness.
• Updated documentation and usage examples where applicable.

Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes.

Users can now call the quarter() function directly in queries, for example:

SELECT quarter('2025-03-10');  -- Returns 1
SELECT quarter('2025-08-01');  -- Returns 3

No backward-incompatible changes are introduced.

How was this patch tested?

• Added unit tests covering multiple date inputs, including edge cases (e.g., start and end of each quarter).
• Verified consistency with existing year(), month(), and day() function behavior.
• All test cases passed successfully in the local development environment.

[slfan1989]

@richox @cxzl25 @zuston Could you please help merge this PR? Thank you so much! If this PR is merged, we will be able to better follow up on #1522.

[zuston]

lgtm. Could we introduce the dedicated test case to cover this function ? @slfan1989

[slfan1989]

lgtm. Could we introduce the dedicated test case to cover this function ? @slfan1989

@zuston Thank you very much for reviewing the code! We have added two related unit tests for spark_quarter in spark_dates.rs and one unit test in AuronQuerySuite.scala.

[guixiaowen]

lgtm