Allow C++23 features in CEF binary distribution code

[magreenblatt]

Issue #3611 added support for C++20 features. We should now consider support for C++23 (-std=c++23) which Chromium is enabling in https://crbug.com/388070065.

Current minimum supported compiler versions for C++20 are:

• Visual Studio 2019 16.9.3
• GCC 10 (Ubuntu 20)
• Clang 16 (Xcode 16.0)

Proposed minimum supported compiler versions for C++23 are [*]:

• Visual Studio 2022 17.1 (with /std:c++latest or /std:c++23preview)
• GCC 13 (Ubuntu 24)
• Clang 17 (Xcode 16.3)

[*] Versions with support for static_assert(false) in C++23

Note: Compiler support for C++23 is still under active development so requirements will depend on the specific features that Chromium enables.

[magreenblatt]

The official C++ features guide has not yet been updated for C++23 support, but some features like the static_assert(false) change have already landed.

[magreenblatt]

Check if we meet tooling requirements for usage of std::format: #4064

[magreenblatt]

This is blocked on a few things currently:

• Chromium determining which set of C++23 features to support.
• Xcode minimum deployment target >= 13.3 (likely requirement).
• Moving build infrastructure to GCC 13 (Ubuntu 24) or newer.

[magreenblatt]

Linux automated build hosts have been updated to GCC 14.2 (debian:trixie Docker image base).