CI: iOS integration tests missing timeouts

[jpnurmi]

Description

The iOS integration tests should have reasonable step-level timeouts and retry instead of hanging until they exceed the maximum execution time of 6 hours:

ios-tests
The job has exceeded the maximum execution time of 6h0m0s

ios-tests
The operation was canceled.

https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-dotnet/actions/runs/18957342849/attempts/1

[linear]

NET-512