build: Enable TypeScript type checking

[camdecoster]

Description

Enable TypeScript type checking.

Closes #7678.

Changes

• Add limited set of plotly.js types
• Enable type checking
• Update some files to TypeScript
• Use ts-node for running some scripts

Testing

• CI should cover everything
• Run npm run build locally to check that everything is bundled properly by esbuild
• Run plotly.js devtools and load some mocks to make sure everything is working correctly
• Run npm run typecheck to perform a type check on the source code. There should be no errors:

  $ npm run typecheck
  
  > [email protected] typecheck
  > tsc --noEmit
  $

Notes

• This PR adds the TypeScript compiler and typechecking via npm script
• The provided types are a combination of plotly.js types from DefinitelyTyped and the schema (with Claude combining the two). This is a first pass and the types will need to be updated as files are converted.
• (Most) IDEs will read the types and provide autocompletion once files are converted over
• Read the README in src/types for an overview of how the types are set up
• esbuild is compatible with TypeScript already, but it doesn't do type checking. To check types you need to run npm run typecheck. VS Code will also provide feedback as you're editing files.
• I converted a few simple files to TypeScript as an example. I opted to use ESM syntax for these files which necessitated some changes in the require statements for the converted files. This is due to how esbuild determines if a default import should be namespaced or not.
• Some of the converted files are used in scripts not processed by esbuild. Node 18 doesn't handle TS files natively, so these scripts need to be run with ts-node, a "TypeScript execution and REPL for node.js".
• The TS config is pretty lenient right now to make it easier to convert things piece by piece. Once we make enough progress, this can be tightened up.
• TS is not emitting files/types right now. esbuild handles converting the TS so the TS compiler won't need to do that. It would be valuable to have the compiler write the type definition files in the future.