Add `ruff` for development

[nathanjmcdougall]

As a part of adding type annotations (#243), it might be useful to be aided by a linter that helps identify untyped functions.
An example of this is flake8-annotations but I would like ruff to be considered instead, as a replacement for both flake8 and black.

Besides being faster and a way to prevent tool proliferation, ruff is able to be configured from pyproject.toml (unlike flake8) which would support migration away from setup.cfg to pyproject.toml in the future.

A plan for enabling ruff would be as follows:

PR 1:

• Migrate black to the latest version in pre-commit config and deal with minor formatting changes (in my testing there would be 8 files with whitespace changes; deleted blank lines).

PR 2:

• Replacing flake8 and black in the pre-commit config with ruff instead
• Configuring ruff with equivalent configuration to existing flake8 rules

[isabelizimm]

These would definitely be welcome changes! I've used ruff in other projects and have really enjoyed working with it. I think PRs 1/2 could be combined, but happy to accept in any configuration 😄